Did you know that polio was once one of the most feared diseases in the world? It left millions of children paralyzed, with no cure available. But thanks to vaccines, polio is now almost wiped out. It became possible because of two main types of polio vaccine—Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV).
India, which once had a high number of polio cases, was officially declared polio-free in 2014. It was a huge achievement, but the fight isn’t over yet! Polio still exists in some parts of the world, and without continued vaccination, it could come back. That’s why getting vaccinated is still important.
But what are the different types of polio vaccines? How do they work? And which one is better? In this blog, we are going to discuss everything about it. Please keep reading to learn everything you need to know about polio vaccines and how they help keep you and your loved ones safe!
What is a Polio Vaccine?
A polio vaccine is a preventive measure designed to protect individuals from the poliovirus. It works by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight the virus, preventing infection and transmission.
Polio vaccines contain either weakened or inactivated poliovirus, helping the body build immunity without causing the disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing polio cases worldwide and are a key component of public health programs. The two main types of polio vaccine are the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and the Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), both of which play crucial roles in polio prevention.
Types of Polio Vaccines
A. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
Definition and History of OPV
The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is a live, attenuated vaccine that contains weakened poliovirus strains. It was developed in the 1950s by Dr. Albert Sabin(came into commercial use in 1961) and has been widely used since then. OPV is considered one of the most significant breakthroughs in polio eradication.
How OPV is Administered (Oral Drops)
OPV is given orally as liquid drops. It is easy to administer, making it highly suitable for mass immunization programs, especially in developing countries.
Effectiveness and Advantages
OPV provides strong immunity at both the individual and community levels. It helps stop the transmission of the virus, making it essential for eradication efforts. Additionally, it is cost-effective and does not require trained healthcare workers for administration.
Common Side Effects and Safety Concerns
OPV is generally safe; however, in rare cases, the weakened virus in the vaccine may mutate and cause vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). This risk is extremely low compared to the benefits of widespread immunization.
Role of OPV in India’s Polio Eradication Program
India’s success in becoming polio-free in 2014 was largely due to extensive OPV immunization campaigns. The government conducted regular National Immunization Days (NID) to ensure every child received the vaccine, preventing the spread of polio.
B. Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Definition and History of IPV
Dr. Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in 1955. Unlike OPV, IPV contains inactivated (killed) poliovirus, making it safer in regions where polio has been largely eliminated.
How IPV is Administered (Injection)
IPV is administered through an injection, usually in the arm or thigh. Since it requires trained medical personnel for administration, it is primarily used in countries with well-established healthcare systems.
Effectiveness and Advantages
IPV provides strong immunity against polio and eliminates the risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus. It is recommended in many countries as part of routine immunization schedules.
Common Side Effects and Safety Concerns
Common side effects of IPV include mild redness or swelling at the injection site. Serious side effects are extremely rare, making IPV a highly safe and reliable option.
Why IPV is Recommended in Many Countries
Many developed countries, including the United States and Europe, use IPV exclusively due to its safety profile. While it does not stop the transmission of viruses like OPV, it effectively protects individuals from polio infection.
Also Read:- Signs and Symptoms of Polio
OPV vs. IPV: Key Differences
After knowing the types of polio vaccines, you may also cruise to know what’s the different between both vaccines. Mentioned below are some key differences between OPV and IPV:-
Mode of Administration (Oral vs. Injection)
OPV is given orally, making it easier to administer during mass vaccination drives. IPV, on the other hand, is given as an injection and requires trained healthcare providers.
Live Attenuated Virus (OPV) vs. Inactivated Virus (IPV)
OPV contains a live but weakened virus, whereas IPV consists of inactivated poliovirus. It makes IPV safer in areas where wild polio has been eradicated.
Effectiveness and Immunity Duration
Both vaccines provide strong immunity, but OPV has the advantage of preventing virus transmission within communities. IPV, however, offers robust individual immunity without the risk of mutation.
Safety Concerns and Risk Factors
While OPV carries a slight risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus, IPV does not pose such a risk. However, OPV remains essential for eradication programs due to its ability to halt transmission.
Cost and Availability in India
OPV is more affordable and widely available in India, making it the preferred choice for mass immunization programs. IPV is more expensive but is increasingly being integrated into the routine immunization schedule.
WHO and Government Guidelines on Polio Vaccination
Recommended Polio Vaccination Schedule
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends combining OPV and IPV for comprehensive protection. Most national programs follow a schedule that includes multiple doses of both vaccines.
National Immunization Days (NID) in India
India organizes National Immunization Days to ensure every child receives OPV. These campaigns have played a vital role in keeping the country polio-free.
Role of Global Organizations in Polio Eradication
Organizations like WHO, UNICEF and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) work tirelessly to eliminate polio worldwide. Their efforts include funding vaccination campaigns, surveillance, and research.
Why is Polio Vaccination Still Important?
Preventing the Re-Emergence of Polio
Despite eradication in many regions, polio remains a threat in some parts of the world. Continuous vaccination is necessary to prevent outbreaks.
Protecting Newborns and Future Generations
Vaccination ensures that future generations remain protected from polio. A lapse in immunization could lead to the virus’s return.
Global Polio Eradication Efforts
The goal is to achieve complete eradication of polio worldwide. Until then, vaccination programs must continue to prevent its resurgence.
Why Choose Bhola Hospital – The Best Polio Hospital in India?
If you or a loved one is struggling with polio-related complications or any locomotor deformity, expert care is just a step away! At Bhola Hospital, Kurukshetra, we are dedicated to transforming lives by providing advanced treatment for polio, cerebral palsy, and musculoskeletal deformities.
With over 35 years of excellence, our hospital has been a trusted name in orthopedic care. Dr. Suresh Bhola, a highly experienced orthopedic surgeon, specializes in Ilizarov techniques and hexapod (SUV) deformity correction, offering cutting-edge solutions to help patients regain mobility and independence. Being the Best Polio Hospital In India, we provide:-
- Comprehensive polio treatment and deformity correction
- Expert care for children and adults with locomotor issues
- Specialized treatment for cerebral palsy, CTEV, congenital limb deformities & more
- Fixator Assisted HTO for osteoarthritis of the knee
Your well-being is our top priority! Don’t let polio or any deformity limit your life—take the first step towards recovery today.
Visit us in Kurukshetra, Haryana, or contact us for an expert consultation. Together, let’s restore your confidence and mobility!
Conclusion
Polio vaccines have transformed global health, significantly reducing polio cases worldwide. The two types of polio vaccine, OPV and IPV, each have their benefits, with OPV aiding in eradication efforts and IPV ensuring individual safety. Following recommended vaccination schedules is essential to keeping polio at bay. Governments, health organizations, and individuals must work together to maintain high immunization rates. Stay informed, get vaccinated, and spread awareness to help create a polio-free world.
FAQs
Is polio vaccination free in India?
Yes, both OPV and IPV are provided for free at government hospitals, health centers, and during national immunization drives. Private hospitals may charge for IPV.
Can adults take the polio vaccine in India?
Generally, polio vaccines are given to children. However, adults traveling to polio-endemic countries (such as Afghanistan or Pakistan) may need a booster dose of IPV as per international travel guidelines.
Is polio vaccination still necessary in India if the country is polio-free?
Yes! Even though India was declared polio-free in 2014, the risk of polio coming back from other countries still exists. Vaccination ensures lifelong protection and prevents re-emergence.
Can polio vaccination be given during fever or illness?
If a child has a mild illness, like a cold or cough, they can still take the vaccine. However, in case of severe illness, it’s best to consult a doctor before vaccination.
